Pro Tools Books

Pro Tools BooksChances are that after you became interested in recording some music, you started hearing about a great software program — Pro Tools. Maybe you read an article in which an artist said that she records with Pro Tools, or you heard that such-and-such major recording studio uses Pro Tools, or a friend told you that you need Pro Tools to record professionalquality music. Of the many great recording programs that are available, the most popular — and one of the most powerful — is Pro Tools.

Here are listed and described with sample pages some of the most popular Pro Tools books. Take your time and find one that suits you most.
 

Pro Tools 101 Official Courseware


Pro Tools 101 Official Courseware
This book was written for the audio enthusiast with little to no Pro Tools experience. While Pro Tools 101 can be completed through self study, Digidesign recommends obtaining hands-on experience through an instructor-led class offered by one of our official training partners. The courseware for this book was developed by the Digidesign Training & Education department, with contributions by numerous Digidesign staff and independent contractors.

The DVD at the Back of the Book


Included at the back of this book is a DVD-ROM containing Pro Tools 101 project files, a demo version of Pro Tools M-Powered for use with a qualified M-Audio interface, and software installers for plug-ins and other add-ons. The disc also includes a demo version of Pro Tools M-Powered for supported M-Audio hardware.

For more information on the classes offered through the Digidesign Training & Education Program, visit http://www.digidesign.com and click on Training, or go directly to http://training.digidesign.com.

Course Prerequisites


Most Pro Tools enthusiasts today have at least a passing familiarity with operating a computer. If you consider yourself a computer novice, however, you might want to review some basics before beginning this course. You will need to know how to complete such tasks as:
• Starting up the computer
• Using the mouse, standard menus, and keyboard commands for standard operating system commands
• Locating, moving, and renaming files and folders
• Opening, saving, and closing files

This course focuses on using Pro Tools in a digital audio recording and production environment. The work requires a basic understanding of recording techniques, processes, and equipment, such as the following:
• Miking techniques
• Mixer signal flow
• Audio monitoring equipment
• MIDI devices

If you are a beginner in the field of audio production, you can supplement this text with independently available literature on audio recording tools and techniques. Visit Digidesign’s Training & Education Web site at http://training.digidesign.com for a list of selected resources.

Course Organization and Sequence


This course has been designed to familiarize you with the information and processes you will use to complete a recording project. The material is organized into four parts. Part I provides background information that will help you understand the material that is presented later and put it into context. Part II covers the specific processes and techniques that you would use to complete a project, from creating a new session to completing a final mixdown. Part III provides a tutorial-style walk-through of various tasks required to complete two hands-on projects (included on the enclosed DVD). Part IV, to be completed at any official Pro Tools training center, includes additional projects and the Pro Tools 101 final exam.

Part I: Background Information
Part I focuses primarily on background information relevant to Pro Tools and audio production. This part builds a foundation for using Pro Tools by introducing concepts of digital audio, Pro Tools hardware configurations, Pro Tools session file structures, and the Pro Tools user interface and tool set.
Part II: Working with Sessions
Part II provides information and instructions for working with Pro Tools sessions to accomplish common audio production tasks. In this part, we discuss creating sessions, creating audio and MIDI recordings, navigating within audio and MIDI recordings, and editing and mixing using Pro Tools.
Part III: Hands-On Projects
Part III is designed to provide you with experience applying the concepts of Part II. Two projects have been selected to represent typical scenarios and workflows encountered in music and post-production environments. The project tutorials follow the same progression as the chapters in Part II, which each section cross-referenced to the chapter that it supplements. The project tutorials are written so they can be completed without students having first completed Part II, enabling them to learn through hands-on experience, using Part II as a reference.
Part IV: Course Completion
Part IV of the Pro Tools 101 course can be completed in an instructor-led environment at an official Pro Tools training center. In this part of the course, students have the opportunity to work on additional projects using a variety of Pro Tools hardware. Students will also be able to complete the final exam and receive a completion certificate through the training center.

Check before you buy - Before you buy this book you can download and read sample pages. This is the easiest way to confirm the quality of this book and to check if it suits your needs.

Download sample pages of Pro Tools 101 Official Courseware

Buy Now Pro Tools 101 Official Courseware, Version 8

Pro Tools 101 Official Courseware, Version 8


Digidesign’s Official Pro Tools 101 Courseware takes a comprehensive approach to learning the fundamentals of Pro Tools|HD, Pro Tools LE, or Pro Tools M-Powered systems.


Learn to build sessions that include multitrack recordings of live instruments, MIDI sequences, software synthesizers, and virtual instruments, develop essential techniques for recording, editing, and mixing. The included DVD-ROM offers tutorial files and videos, additional documentation, and Pro Tools sessions to accompany the projects in the text.





Pro Tools 8 Music Production, Recording, Editing, and Mixing


Pro Tools 8 Music Production, Recording, Editing, and Mixing


Pro Tools 8 for Music Production is the definitive guide to the software for new and professional users. Extensively illustrated in colour and packed with time saving hints and tips, it is a great reference to keep on hand as a constant source of information. The book takes a real-world approach, explaining the hardware components and options in full so that you can choose the right system for your particular needs. Detailed chapters on the user interface, the new MIDI and scoring features, recording, editing, signal processing and mixing blend essential knowledge with tutorials and practical examples from actual recordings.

New and updated materials include:
  • Pro Tools HD systems explained in detail
  • Pro Tools 8 software described in detail
  • Details new MIDI and Score Editors
  • Full colour screen shots and equipment photos
Pro Tools 8 for Music Production is a vital source of reference, for the working professional or serious hobbyist looking for professional results.

  • Highly illustrated colour guide packed with tips to help Pro Tools users get the most from their system
  • Up to date and specific to version 8
  • Endorsed by leading international producers, composers and engineers

Reviews

"Mike has done it again, producing a very readable book, full of insights and tips, written in his usual clear and never dull style. I particularly love the notes in grey boxes: practical observations representing Mike's distillation of several decades spent producing, composing, arranging, editing, mixing and performing music. How lucky we are that he has written this book for the rest of us!" - Dario Marianelli is one of he UK's leading film composers with an Oscar to his credit for 'Atonement' and an Oscar nomination for 'Pride & Prejudice'.

"Anyone starting out with Pro Tools or who wants to expand their knowledge of the software will find this book very beneficial. The mixing chapter is most impressive. It covers every aspect from setting up your monitoring to lining up outboard gear, to when you grab the faders and look at the meters - and what those meters mean! All the new features of PT8 for music production are covered in detail. The book also includes lots of timesaving shortcuts that will help on busy sessions." - John Leckie, one of the UK's most successful record producers, has worked with bands and artists as diverse as Radiohead, Simple Minds, Baaba Maal and Dr. John.

"Recording to tape is no longer practical for most producers and musicians, many of whom still don't understand the language of digital recording. This book, written by a musician, uses language that music professionals will understand. It will really help people like me to get up to speed with Pro Tools 8 so we will be much better prepared to achieve our goals in the studio.

One of the biggest problems with recordings made this century is that they don't sound as good as those from the previous 50 years because they are totally lacking in dynamics: the music has stopped 'breathing'. The mixing chapter in this book will help you to understand how to retain that vital essence of dynamics in your music, so that tomorrow's recordings can 'breathe' again." - Jean-Paul "Bluey" Maunick is the producer and leader of Jazz/Funk/Soul band Incognito who has also produced albums for George Benson, Maysa, Terry Callier and others.

"I am 38 years into learning how to play the saxophone and frankly don't have time to sit through long-winded, badly written, unimaginative manuals. Once again, Mike Collins writes about using Pro Tools in easy-to-understand, dynamic and creative language aimed at those of us who have lots of other things on our plates. Mike brings this process to life in a way that, more than once, has made me put my horn down and try something out on Pro Tools that I hadn't tried before! Bravo Mike." - US Saxophone 'star' Kirk Whalum has recorded and performed with Quincy Jones, Nancy Wilson, Al Jarreau, Barbara Streisand and on several movie soundtracks including Whitney Houston's "The Bodyguard".

Contents

1. Introduction: Pro Tools: The world's leading digital audio workstation
2. Using Pro Tools
3. Time Operations, Tempo Operations, and Key Signatures
4. Working with MIDI
5. Recording
6. Editing
7. Mixing
Appendix: Summing Mixers

Check before you buy - Before you buy this book you can download and read sample pages. This is the easiest way to confirm the quality of this book and to check if it suits your needs.

Download sample pages of Pro Tools 8 Music Production, Recording, Editing, and Mixing

Buy Now Pro Tools 8: Music Production, Recording, Editing and Mixing

Pro Tools 8: Music Production, Recording, Editing and Mixing


Anyone starting out with Pro Tools or who wants to expand their knowledge of the software will find this book very beneficial. The mixing chapter is most impressive. It covers every aspect from setting up your monitoring to lining up outboard gear, to when you grab the faders and look at the meters - and what those meters mean!

This book, written by a musician, uses language that music professionals will understand. It will really help people like me to get up to speed with Pro Tools 8 so we will be much better prepared to achieve our goals in the studio.





Your Pro Tools Studio


Your Pro Tools Studio

Your Pro Tools Studio is packed with an incredibly wide range of practical information. Everything is written to help you set up and run your own Pro Tools studio. Your Pro Tools Studio is organized into twelve chapters. The first half of the book covers information on how to choose which version of Pro Tools to buy, setting up your studio, and getting Pro Tools up and running. The latter half of the book dives into the various aspects of working with Pro Tools.

  • Chapter 1, “A Pro Tools Buying Guide”—This chapter’s goal is to help you find the right Pro Tools LE system for you. It begins with a description of Pro Tools LE and M-Powered, introduces different selection criteria to consider, and concludes with extensive information that compares and contrasts each current Pro Tools LE rig.
  • Chapter 2, “Buying Guide: Part Deux”—Chapter 2 continues the buying guide and describes different Pro Tools M-Powered options and hardware types, reviews legacy Pro Tools LE systems, and finishes with information on buying used systems.
  • Chapter 3, “Setting Up Your Studio”—The task of setting up a studio to use Pro Tools can be daunting but is not insurmountable. This chapter describes many of the challenges you will face and offers guidance on how to succeed. You’ll learn how to set up your studio and furnish it like pro, taking factors into account such as size, shape, acoustic treatment, furniture, studio accessories, and even lava lamps.
  • Chapter 4, “Preparing to Install”—Successfully installing Pro Tools requires preparation. This is a critical step in ensuring your computer and workspace are ready for this demanding application. You’ll review a general installation workflow, learn how to prepare your computer, and set up an iLok account if necessary.
  • Chapter 5, “Installing Pro Tools LE”—This chapter contains a complete step-by-step installation of a Digidesign Mbox 2 system and Pro Tools LE. You’ll learn how to unpack, install hardware and software, and update the software.
  • Chapter 6, “Installing Pro Tools M-Powered”—Pro Tools M-Powered installation is sufficiently different from Pro Tools LE that it warrants its own chapter. In this chapter, you’ll follow along with each step as the author installs an M-Audio FireWire 410 and Pro Tools M-Powered. You’ll learn how to install, test, and update the system.
  • Chapter 7, “Configuring Pro Tools”—To make the most out of Pro Tools, you must be able to set it up and configure it. This chapter explains every important audio engine setting, how to optimize Pro Tools for the task at hand, and reviews the extensive program preferences.
  • Chapter 8, “Using Pro Tools”—The Pro Tools interface has many different aspects to it and can be very intimidating for a new user. This chapter shows you the Edit and Mix windows, introduces other interface elements, and explains how they all fit together to enable you to make music. Along the way you’ll learn interface tips and tricks that will help you work more efficiently in Pro Tools.
  • Chapter 9, “Recording Audio”—Recording audio well requires a fundamental understanding of the general principles of sound, microphones, and recording techniques. Among the many topics in this chapter, you’ll learn what sound is, how we measure it, the difference between recording at different bit depths and sample rates, stereo versus mono, microphone types, patterns, and placement techniques, and how to bring all this knowledge to record in Pro Tools.
  • Chapter 10, “Editing Audio”—Editing audio is one of the most important tasks in Pro Tools. You can save a mediocre performance by making sure each beat lands when it should. You’ll learn how to work in the Edit window, make audio selections, separate and nudge regions, create fades and crossfades, use the Beat Mapper, work with Elastic Audio, and automate in this chapter.
  • Chapter 11, “Using MIDI”—MIDI is an amazingly powerful and flexible method of making music, and in this chapter you’ll learn what MIDI is, how to use MIDI and Instrument tracks, how to connect and record with an external MIDI instrument, and how to edit MIDI data manually.
  • Chapter 12, “Plug-Ins and Mixing”—In the last chapter you’ll learn about a number of different types of plug-ins (EQ, compression, reverb, etc.) and how to use them in Pro Tools. You’ll also learn the fundamental principles of mixing multiple tracks together to form a cohesive whole.

Whom This Book Is For


Your Pro Tools Studio is for anyone who wants to set up and use Pro Tools in their home or project studio. My focus is on teaching beginner to intermediate users the basics of audio production and engineering in general while introducing them to Pro Tools in particular.

Your interest in Pro Tools might fall along many lines. Most likely, you are in one of these categories:
  • Musician—From beginner to professional, you want to start using Pro Tools to record yourself or your band.
  • Audio Engineer (Sound Guy)—New to audio engineering and interested in starting up your own home or project studio and running Pro Tools. Even if you’ve got some audio experience under your belt, if you are new to Pro Tools this book will help you along your path.
  • Amateur—Interested in music but aren’t going to spend tens of thousands of dollars and every waking hour of the day. You still want to create something that sounds good.
  • Enthusiast—More devoted than a hobbyist, but you want to invest your time and money wisely. Looking to improve your sound.
  • Professional—Looking to get started down the path of making music professionally and want a solution to get you in the door. You want to make professional-caliber music but not at professional-studio prices.

Check before you buy - Before you buy this book you can download and read sample pages. This is the easiest way to confirm the quality of this book and to check if it suits your needs.

Download sample pages of Your Pro Tools Studio

Buy Now Your Pro Tools Studio

Your Pro Tools Studio


Your Pro Tools Studio gives you the information you need to set up your own home or project studio using Pro Tools LE or M-Powered as your digital audio workstation (DAW). You’ll learn how to decide which system is best for you; review hardware capabilities suchas inputs, outputs, S/PDIF, and MIDI; and learn to install, set up, and use Pro Tools software.

Your Pro Tools Studio is a thorough, practical, yet compact introduction to the complex world of professional audio. It’s just what you need to get started today, whether you plan to pursue music as a hobby or as a profession.





The Musician’s Guide to Pro Tools


The Musician’s Guide to Pro Tools

So you’ve succumbed to the allure of the magical world of hard-disk recording and plunked down your hard-earned cash on a Pro Tools system. Luckily for you, you’ve made a wise choice. Pro Tools is the de facto standard in professional digital recording. It is a rare recording studio, radio station, or film/video post production facility that doesn’t use Pro Tools. If creating and recording music is your goal, you can be assurred that the time spent learning this program will not be in vain. Aspiring audio engineers must learn Pro Tools if they intend to get any studio work. Even if you never become a Pro Tools wizard, if you’re a musician, you need to know how Pro Tools works and what it can do.

If you think of buying this book in the hopes that you wouldn’t have to read the Pro Tools manual that you might be wrong. Sorry! You still need to at least skim through it. The Musician’s Guide to Pro Tools is in no way intended to be a substitute for any of the Pro Tools documentation. As a longtime studio owner and admitted gear head, I’ve had to plow through countless manuals, and the Pro Tools manuals are some of the best around.

This book assumes the following:
  • You have a basic understanding of how to operate your computer.
  • If you’re using an LE system, you have read the Getting Started manual.
  • You have successfully installed and configured one of the Pro Tools—compatible interfaces and have familiarized yourself with the Pro Tools Reference Guide.
  • And now you wanna rock.

In the interests of flexibility, the designers of Pro Tools have provided a thousand ways to do every little thing. To the novice, it can seem like there are a thousand ways to screw up. Therefore, to avoid confusion, this book is just going to show you methods that have worked for many users. Hopefully, you will be able to learn from other's mistakes instead of making them yourself.


Check before you buy - Before you buy this book you can download and read sample pages. This is the easiest way to confirm the quality of this book and to check if it suits your needs.

Download sample pages of The Musician’s Guide to Pro Tools

Buy Now The Musician’s Guide to Pro Tools

The Musician’s Guide to Pro Tools


Almost everyone who has worked with Pro Tools gets bogged down at first. Everyone striving to master Pro Tools faces the same challenges on the steep climb in. The Musician’s Guide to Pro Tools shows us the way.

This book rocks as it is a hands on, practical tutorial taking the reader step by step through the user interface, recording, editing, tweaking things the way you'll eventually use the software.





Pro Tools for Film and Video


Pro Tools for Film and Video
The book is for professional sound engineers and film students needing to use sound effects and edit sound to picture in Pro Tools, Pro Tools is used by 80% of the motion picture industry and taught in most film schools. While there are many Pro Tools books on the market most are aimed at the music user and there is a lack of material for the film and video specific application of this software.


The book Pro Tools for Film and Video covers all technologies and systems used with Pro Tools, integrates Avid and Final Cut Pro software with Pro Tools, layouts for extremely affordable portable Pro Tools systems to high-end studio setups, and finally, the book is packed with tips and tricks to get the most out of the program.



Contents

Chapter 1 Pro Tools systems
Chapter 2 Audio workflow
Chapter 3 Editing Tools and the Pro Tools Interface
Chapter 4 Plug-ins
Chapter 5 Dialogue editing and replacement
Chapter 6 Sound design
Chapter 7 Music
Chapter 8 The Dub
Chapter 9 Output and delivery

Check before you buy - Before you buy this book you can download and read sample pages. This is the easiest way to confirm the quality of this book and to check if it suits your needs.

Download sample pages of Pro Tools for Film and Video

Buy Now Pro Tools for Film and Video

Pro Tools for Film and Video


This step-by-step guide for editing sound to picture using Pro Tools starts by explaining the Pro Tools systems and covers all key audio topics, including equipment, sound, music, effects, output and mixing tools, to give users the skills needed to work on any project from big budget feature film to amateur DV video in mono, stereo or surround sound.

Clearly set out and thorough in coverage, the book takes a practical real world approach, a live 35mm film project runs through the chapters illustrating how different functions are added to a film providing the real detail of how to apply it to an edit. Extensively illustrated in color and packed with time-saving hints and tips.





Pro Tools All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies


Pro Tools All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies This fantastic eight-books-in-one package introduces you to Pro Tools audio- and MIDI-recording software and clues you in on basic multitrack recording techniques. You'll get wise to Pro Tools' many features and functions and find out how top recording studios use them to create the biggest hits on the planet. This do-it-now handbook also gets you up to speed on the essential audio-engineering skills you need to make ultra-high-quality recordings.

From understanding microphones and setting up a small studio through recording and even into mastering, this book is an invaluable reference for anyone who is ready to get beyond the basics. It covers step-by-step processes for many common tasks and provides some background on why things are the way they are - which leads to better user comprehension. Not only can you perform the task, but you also have a better understanding of why it is done the way it is.

Pro Tools All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies not only introduces you to Pro Tools audio- and MIDI-recording software, but it also presents basic multitrack recording techniques. You find out about the many Pro Tools features and functions and ways to use this program to create the best possible recordings of your music. This book also acquaints you with the basic audio-engineering skills needed to make high-quality recordings. These skills can save you countless hours of experimenting and give you more time to actually record your music.

Discover how to:

  • Navigate the Pro Tools windows and menus
  • Save hours of experimenting and spend more time recording
  • Master microphone placement and other home recording basics
  • Edit errors out of your tracks
  • Equalize (EQ) tracks and add effects
  • Work with midi instruments
  • Blend your sounds into a stunning final mix
  • Assemble and release an album

Check before you buy - Before you buy this book you can download and read sample pages. This is the easiest way to confirm the quality of this book and to check if it suits your needs.

Download sample pages of Pro Tools All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies

Buy Now Pro Tools All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies

Pro Tools All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies


When you add Pro Tools to your recording studio software portfolio, you have the software used to create hit records.

When you add this book to your bookshelf, you get the insight you need to capture your sounds, edit your tracks, create a mix, and master your songs for the world to hear. Add in your talent and you're on your way to music stardom.

Discover how to: Navigate the Pro Tools windows and menus, Master microphone choice and placement, Edit the errors out of your tracks, Blend sounds into a final mix, Work with MIDI instruments and sounds and more.





ProTools For Musicians and Songwriters


Pro Tools for Musicians and SongwritersYou've got the power. You don't have to spend thousands of dollars on recording-studio time anymore. Now, using Pro Tools-a digital-audio workstation-you can record demos at home on your own computer, edit tracks, add effects, and even output songs to a CD. But if you're new to working with sound digitally, you face a daunting learning curve. Getting your music gear to work with your desktop computer or laptop-and producing results that you like-involves some unfamiliar tools and concepts.

At last, here's a Pro Tools book written by a musician for other musicians! Author Gina Fant-Saez knows first-hand how frustrating it can be when you first make the move to using this complex, studio-quality audio application. Rather than overwhelm you with every detail of the program and complicated terminology or functions you'll never use, Pro Tools for Musicians and Songwriters teaches only the essentials you need to record, enhance, and output your music.

With downloadable audio files to help you get started, Pro Tools for Musicians and Songwriters will show you how to:
• Use a metronome (click track) or percussion loop to help you keep time when you record
• Record and combine multiple takes to create one seamless composition
• Edit your tracks with crossfades, panning, doubling, automation more[
• Add and manipulate plug-in effects, such as reverb
• Share your Pro Tools files with other musicians around the globe
• Output your finished composition to a CD

No book preview available

Buy Now Pro Tools for Musicians and Songwriters

Pro Tools for Musicians and Songwriters


Now, using Pro Tools - a digital-audio workstation - you can record demos at home on your own computer, edit tracks, add effects, and even output songs to a CD. But if you’re new to working with sound digitally, you face a daunting learning curve. Getting your music gear to work with your desktop computer or laptop - and producing results that you like - involves some unfamiliar tools and concepts.

At last, here’s a Pro Tools book written by a musician for other musicians! Rather than overwhelm you with every detail of the program and complicated terminology or functions you’ll never use, Pro Tools for Musicians and Songwriters teaches only the essentials you need to record, enhance, and output your music.





The Complete Pro Tools Handbook


The Complete Pro Tools Handbook
The definitive guide to digital audio production with Pro Tools, this easy-to-use reference unlocks the secrets that enable musicians to record, edit, reformat and recognize music into an aural masterpiece.

Providing step-by-step instruction, this fully illustrated guide covers getting up to speed, configuring and connecting equipment, and explains beginning and advanced techniques that will enable you to record, edit, reformat and reorganize music to match your own creative vision. Includes a CD-ROM with sample projects and exercises.

It has everything for the beginer and for the more advanced user, which makes it a real bible then! Everything is clearly written, with great illustration that make it the simplest thing to read for this kind of books.

The Complete Pro Tools Handbook is probably the most comprehensive book on Pro Tools Iaround. This 500-page tome by José "Chilitos" Valenzuela covers all the PT platform versions from the lowly LE system to the newest, high-end TDM HD systems.

There are step-by-step tutorials saved on the included CD-ROM that are great for any beginner but also valuable to the advanced pro user. Besides getting a refresher course in digital audio and MIDI as used in PT, you'll be taught how to sync audio, video and MIDI together, record, edit, reformat and reorganize music to perfection.

Author Valenzuela breaks the book down into 'easy-to-get' chapters beginning with an introduction to the salient PT concepts along with some of the buzzwords casual Pro Tools users pickup quickly. Pro Tool's processes and powers are explained along with the use and caveats of irreversible editing. There is a whole chapter on Pro Tools LE systems and a chapter on configuring any system's hardware. The many software windows and dialog screens that come up during a session are also explained.

The book finishes with exercises and many shortcuts to help you become a "power user" where the steep learning curve and expense of PT starts to really pay off! You'll soon be using PT as an your main "axe" - like a musical instrument to quickly realize your best musical ideas.

No book preview available

Buy Now The Complete Pro Tools Handbook: Pro Tools/HD, Pro Tools/24 MIX, and Pro Tools LE for Home, Project, and Professional Studios

The Complete Pro Tools Handbook: Pro Tools/HD, Pro Tools/24 MIX, and Pro Tools LE for Home, Project, and Professional Studios


Offering tips and tricks on everything from recording and editing to mixing and mastering, this easy-to-use reference unlocks the secrets of Pro Tools, one of the most powerful computer-based digital audio production systems available. Providing step-by-step instruction, this fully illustrated guide covers getting up to speed, configuring and connecting equipment, plus beginning and advanced practical applications that will enable musicians to record, edit, reformat, and reorganize music into an aural masterpiece.